TRANSLATION PROCEDURES

The following are the different translation procedures that Newmark (1988b) proposes:

1. Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription."

Example

• My uncle works as supervisor in that company : Pamanku bekerja sebagai supervisor di perusahan itu.
• Jack is a master in mathematic : Jack adalahseorang master di matematika.

2. Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)

Example         

• police               = polisi
• sosiology         = sosiologi

3. Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example

• Carriage           = andong
• Pedicab           = becak

4. Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example         

• Kimono (jepang)                     = Kebaya (Jawa)
• Sambrero (Meksiko)    = Blankon

5. Descriptive equivalent:in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example

• Joglo is a traditional vernacular house of Javanese people.
• Sari is one of the most wonderful dresses worn by Indian women.

6. Componential analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)

Example

• Man     = adult
• Girl      = woman

7. Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example         

• friendly= kind=generous=nice
• quick=rapid=fast

8. Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example

• Normal school                         = Sekolah normal
• Manchester University            = Universitas Manchester

9. Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86)

Example

·         A pair of glasses          = sepasang kacamata

·         medical student           = mahasiswa kedokteran

10. Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)

Example         

• The problem is hard to solve   =Maslah itu sukar (untuk) dipecahkan.
• I cut my finger                        =Jariku teriris

11. Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)

Example         

• United Kingdom = Britannia
• Uni Soviet = USSR (Uni Soviet Socialist Republic)

12. Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)

Example         

• Vengeance is mine!àSaatnyabalasdendam
• have a good time ! = bersenang-senanglah !

13. Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example         

• Original Text : “To improve English, you should learn new vocabulary on a daily basis.”

Paraphrasing Text : “To improve English, new vocabulary should be learned on a daily basis”

• Original Text : “It can be difficult to choose a suitable place to study English.”

Paraphrasing Text :

-“It is often a challenge to pick up a relevant school to learn English.”

-“It is sometimes hard to select an appropriate place to learn English.”

14. Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example         

• Desist and cease - desist can mean to refrain from doing something, ie not to do it in the first place.
• Chattels have a legal definition so goods may well refer to items that aren't covered by the legal definition of chattels.

15. Notes: notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example

• PS : Milky Way is a galaxy = NB : Bima Sakti adalah sebuah galaxy

Footnote:  Bima Sakti is the galaxy that contains our Solar System

·         Doodgerido is a traditional instrument used by Aborigines.

the receptor’s written: Doodgerido adalah alat musik traditional yang digunakan orang Aborigin.

Footnote: Doodgerido is a kind of traditional music, it shape’s like clarinet that the end of part is curve, and the sound like a ship siren which it will be departured (Machali, 2000: 75).

The examples of metaphor, simile , and allusion

Metaphor

Examples:

1. My brother was boiling mad. (This implies he was too angry.)
2. The assignment was a breeze. (This implies that the assignment was not difficult.)
3. It is going to be clear skies from now on. (This implies that clear skies are not a threat and life is going to be without hardships)
4. The skies of his future began to darken. (Darkness is a threat; therefore, this implies that the coming times are going to be hard for him.)
5. Her voice is music to his ears. (This implies that her voice makes him feel happy)

Simile

Examples:

• Our soldiers are as brave as lions.
• Her cheeks are red like a rose.
• He is as funny as a monkey.
• The water well was as dry as a bone.
• He is as cunning as a fox.

Allusion

Examples:

• “Don’t act like a Romeo in front of her.”

–        “Romeo” is a reference to Shakespeare’s Romeo, a passionate lover of Juliet, in “Romeo and Juliet”.

• The rise in poverty will unlock the Pandora’s box of crimes.

–        This is an allusion to one of Greek Mythology’s origin myth, “Pandora’s box”.

• “This place is like a Garden of Eden.”

–        This is a biblical allusion to the “garden of God” in the Book of Genesis.

• “Hey! Guess who the new Newton of our school is?”

–        “Newton”, means a genius student, alludes to a famous scientist Isaac Newton.

• “Stop acting like my ex-husband please.”

–        Apart from scholarly allusions we refer to common people and places in our speech.

THEORIES OF TRANSLATION

KINDS OF TRANSLATION ( Jenis-jenis terjemahan)

According to Larson (1984: 15) translation is classified into two main types, namely form-based translation and meaning-based translation.  Forms-based translation attempts to follow the form of the source language (SL) and it is known as literal translation, while meaning-based translation makes every effort to communicate the meaning of the SL text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Such translation is called idiomatic translation.  A literal translation sounds like nonsense and has little communication value (Larson, 1984: 15). The literal translation can be understood if the general grammatical form of the two languages is similar. Larson (1984: 16) says that idiomatic translations use the natural forms of the receptor language both in the grammatical constructions and in the choices of lexical items. A truly idiomatic translation does not sound like translation. It sounds like it was written originally in the receptor language. Therefore, a good translator will try to translate idiomatically. This is his/her goal.
(Menurut Laron (1984: 15) terjemahan diklasifikasikan menjadi dua macam yakni terjemahan berdasarkan bentuk dan makna. Terjemahan berdasarkan bentuk berupaya mengikuti bentuk bahasa sumber dan jenis terjemahan ini disebut dengan translasi literal, sedangkan terjemahan berdasarkan makana membutuhkan berbagai macam upaya untuk mengomunikasikan makna teks bahasa sumber ke dalm bentuk-bentuk bahasa sasaran yang alamiah. terjemahan yang demikian disebut translasi idiomatik. Translasi literal terdengar seperti tidak masuk akal dan mempunyai sedikit nilai komunikasi (Larson, 1984: 15). translasi literal dapat dipahami jika bentuk grammatikal umum kedua bahasa tersebut sama. Larson (1984: 16) mengatakan bahwa translasi idiomatik menggunakan bentuk yang alami bahasa penerima baik dalam konstruksi tata bahasa dan dalam pemilihan materi lexical nya.  Sebuah terjemahan yang benar-benar idiomatik tidak terdengar seperti terjemahan. Kedengarannya seperti ditulis secara asli dalam bahasa penerima. Oleh karena itu, seorang penerjemah yang baik akan mencoba untuk menerjemahkan secara ideomatik. Ini adalah tujuannya ).

Catford (1978: 21) divides the three aspects of translation differently, those are: extent, level, and ranks. 
Catford (1978: 21)membagi tiga aspek terjemahan berbeda, yaitu: luas, tingkat, dan peringkat. 

Based on the extent, the types of translation are: Berdasarkan luasnya, jenis-jenis terjemahannya antara lain: 

1)      Full translation, it is a type of translation in which the entire SL text is reproduced by the TL text materials. 1) terjemahan lengkap, itu adalah jenis terjemahan dimana seluruh teks SL direproduksi oleh bahan teks TL. 

2)      Partial translation, there are only some parts of the SL text to be translated into the TL text. 2) terjemahan parsial, hanya ada beberapa bagian dari teks bahasa sumber (SL) yang akan diterjemahkan ke dalam teks TL. 

In terms of level, the types of translation are: berdasarkan tingkatnya, jenis-jenis terjemahannya yaitu: 

1)      Total translation, the TL material replaces all levels of the SL text.1) terjemahan total yaitu materi bahasa penerima (TL) menggantikan semua tingkat teks bahasa sumber (SL)

2)      Restricted translation, it is the replacement of SL textual material with equivalent TL material at only one level; whether at the phonological level, graphological level, or at the level of grammar and lexis.  terjemahan terbatas adalah penggantian bahan teks bahasa sumber (SL) yang setara dengan bahan teks bahasa penerima (TL) hanya di satu tingkat; baik di tingkat fonologi, tingkat graphologi, atau pada tingkat tata bahasa dan lexis.

In terms of rank, translation is divided into: Dalam hal peringkat, terjemahan dibagi menjadi: 

1)      Rank-bound translation, it means that the selection of TL text equivalent is limited at only one rank, such as word-for-word equivalence, morpheme-for-morpheme equivalence, etc. terjemahan Rank-bound, itu berarti bahwa pemilihan teks TL setara dibatasi hanya pada satu peringkat,  seperti kesetaraan kata-demi kata , kesetaraan diantara morfem-, dll

2)      Unbounded translation, it can move freely up and down the rank-scale. terjemahan Unbounded, dapat bergerak bebas naik dan turun pada skala peringkat .

Based on the purposes of translation, Brislin in Choliludin (2007: 26-30) categorizes translation into four types, namely: Berdasarkan tujuan terjemahan, Brislin di Choliludin (2007: 26-30) mengkategorikan terjemahan menjadi empat jenis, yaitu: 

1)      Pragmatic translation: it refers to the translation of a message with an interest in accuracy of the information that was meant to be conveyed in the SL form and it is not conveyed with other aspects of the original language version. Example: the translation of the information about repairing a machine. 1) terjemahan Pragmatis: mengacu pada terjemahan dari pesan yang berkepentingan dengan keakuratan informasi yang dimaksudkan untuk disampaikan dalam bentuk bahasa sumber (SL) dan itu tidak disampaikan dengan aspek-aspek lain dari versi bahasa aslinya. Contoh: terjemahan dari informasi tentang memperbaiki mesin. 

2)      Aesthetic-poetic translation: it refers to translation in which the translator takes into account the affect, emotion, and feeling of an original version, the aesthetic form used by the original author, as well as any information in the message. Example: the translation of sonnet, rhyme, heroic couplet, dramatic dialogue, and novel. 2) terjemahan Aesthetic-poetic: mengacu pada penerjemahan dimana penerjemah memperhitungkan pengaruh, emosi, dan perasaan dalam versi asli, bentuk estetika yang digunakan oleh penulis asli, serta informasi dalam pesan. Contoh: terjemahan dari soneta, sajak, bait heroik, dialog dramatis, dan novel. 

3)      Ethnographic translation: its purpose is to explicate the cultural context of the SL and TL versions. Translators have to be sensitive to the way words are used and must know how the word fits into cultures. Example: the use of the word ‘yes’ versus ‘yeah’ in America. 3) terjemahan Etnografi: tujuannya adalah untuk menjelaskan secara lengkap konteks budaya bahasa sumber (SL) dan versi baha penerima (TL). Penerjemah harus peka dengan cara bagaimana kata-kata itu digunakan dan harus tahu bagaimana kata itu cocok dengan budaya tersebut. Contoh: penggunaan kata 'ya' terhadap 'ya' di Amerika. 

4)      Linguistic translation: is concerned with equivalent meanings of the constituent morphemes of the SL and grammatical form. Example: language in a computer program and translation machine. 4) terjemahan Linguistik: berkaitan dengan makna yang setara dengan morfem-morfem konstituen dari bahasa sumber (SL) dan bentuk gramatikalnya. Contoh: bahasa program komputer dan mesin terjemah.

In his famous essay, On Linguistic Aspect of Translation, Jacobson in Leonardi (2000) identifies three kinds of translation: intralingual translation (monolingual translation), interlingual translation (bilingual or multilingual translation), and intersemiotic translation (verbal sign into non-verbal sign). Intralingual translation refers to a translation in which verbal signs are interpreted by means of other signs of the same language. It happens within the same language (monolingual). Interlingual translation is the one which refers to different languages whether it is bilingual or multilingual. Intersemiotic translation refers to an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of non-verbal sign systems. Pada esai yang terkenal, On linguistic Aspect of Translation , Jacobson di Leonardi (2000) mengidentifikasikan tiga jenis terjemahan: terjemahan intralingual (terjemahan monolingual), terjemahan interlingual (terjemahan dwibahasa atau multibahasa), dan terjemahan intersemiotic (tanda verbal menjadi tanda non-verbal ). Terjemahan intralingual mengacu pada terjemahan yang tanda-tanda verbalnya ditafsirkan dengan cara menunjukkan tanda-tanda lain dari bahasa yang sama. Hal ini terjadi dalam bahasa yang sama (satu bahasa). Terjemahan interlingual adalah salah satu yang mengacu pada bahasa yang berbeda apakah itu bilingual atau multilingual. Terjemahan Intersemiotic mengacu pada interpretasi tanda-tanda verbal dengan cara menunjukkan tanda-tanda lain dari sistem-sistem tanda non-verbal.

PRAGMATIC AND ETHNOGRAPHIC TRANSLATION (TRANSLATION ANALYSIS)

 This is a label food about nutrition facts in mozzarella cheese.

It is translated accurately and naturally enough from Indonesia into English. Thus, it isn't confusing the reader. 

DEFINITIONS OF TRANSLATION

RIRI WIRANTI (2201412060)

ENGLISH- INDONESIAN
            TRANSLATION

Definition 2 (Catford, 1978: 20)

“Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).”

Penerjemahan merupakan penggantiaan bahan tekstual dalam suatu bahasa sumber yang

sepadan ke dalam bahan tekstual bahasa penerima.

Definition 3 (Larson, 1984: 3)

“Translation is transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language. This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure. It is meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant.”

Penerjemahan adalah mentransfer makna dari sumber bahasa ke dalam bahasa penerima. Proses ini dilakukan dengan mentransfer bentuk dari bahasa pertama ke dalam bentuk bahasa kedua dengan cara struktur semantik atau yang berkaitan dengan makna kata. itu merupakan makna yang sedang ditransfer dan harus memiliki makna yang tetap .

Definition 4 (Newmark, 1988: 5)

“Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.”

Penerjemahan adalah menyumbangkan makna sebuah teks ke dalam bahasa lain sesuai dengan cara yang diniatkan oleh  penulis teks tersebut.

Definition 5 (Hawkes in Basnett-McGuire ,1991:13)

“Translation involves the transfer of ‘meaning’ contained in one set of language signs into another set of language through competent use of the dictionary and grammar, the process involves a whole set of extralinguistic criteria also.”

Penerjemahan mencakup pemindahan makna dalam sebuah kesatuan bahasa ke dalam kesatuan bahasa lain dengan kemampuan menggunakan kamus dan tata bahasanya, proses itu juga mencakup seluruh kriteria ilmu ketatabahasaan.

Definition 6 (Sperber and Wilson in Bell (1991:6))

“Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a

representation of an equivalent text in a second language.

Penerjemahan adalah pemindahan sebuah gambaran teks suatu bahasa dengan sebuah gambaran yang sepadan dengan teks dalam bahasa kedua/ bahasa lain.

Definition 7 (Toury in James, 2000)

“Translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural traditions.”

Penerjemahan merupakan salah satu jenis aktivitas yang  mencakup sekurang kurangnya dua bahasa dan dua tradisi kebudayaan .

Definition 8 (Steiner in Choliludin, 2006: 5)

“Translation can be seen as (co) generation of texts under specific constraints that is relative stability of some situational factors and, therefore, register, and classically, change of language and (context of) culture.”

Penerjemahan dapat dilihat sebagai pembangkitan teks dalam pembatasan khusus  yang relatif stabil dengan beberapa  faktor tambahan , hasil , pencatataan, dan secara sederhana , mengubah bahasa dan isi kebudayaannya.