TRANSLATION PROCEDURES

The following are the different translation procedures that Newmark (1988b) proposes:

1. Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription."

Example

• My uncle works as supervisor in that company : Pamanku bekerja sebagai supervisor di perusahan itu.
• Jack is a master in mathematic : Jack adalahseorang master di matematika.

2. Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)

Example         

• police               = polisi
• sosiology         = sosiologi

3. Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example

• Carriage           = andong
• Pedicab           = becak

4. Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example         

• Kimono (jepang)                     = Kebaya (Jawa)
• Sambrero (Meksiko)    = Blankon

5. Descriptive equivalent:in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example

• Joglo is a traditional vernacular house of Javanese people.
• Sari is one of the most wonderful dresses worn by Indian women.

6. Componential analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)

Example

• Man     = adult
• Girl      = woman

7. Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example         

• friendly= kind=generous=nice
• quick=rapid=fast

8. Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example

• Normal school                         = Sekolah normal
• Manchester University            = Universitas Manchester

9. Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86)

Example

·         A pair of glasses          = sepasang kacamata

·         medical student           = mahasiswa kedokteran

10. Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)

Example         

• The problem is hard to solve   =Maslah itu sukar (untuk) dipecahkan.
• I cut my finger                        =Jariku teriris

11. Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)

Example         

• United Kingdom = Britannia
• Uni Soviet = USSR (Uni Soviet Socialist Republic)

12. Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)

Example         

• Vengeance is mine!àSaatnyabalasdendam
• have a good time ! = bersenang-senanglah !

13. Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example         

• Original Text : “To improve English, you should learn new vocabulary on a daily basis.”

Paraphrasing Text : “To improve English, new vocabulary should be learned on a daily basis”

• Original Text : “It can be difficult to choose a suitable place to study English.”

Paraphrasing Text :

-“It is often a challenge to pick up a relevant school to learn English.”

-“It is sometimes hard to select an appropriate place to learn English.”

14. Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example         

• Desist and cease - desist can mean to refrain from doing something, ie not to do it in the first place.
• Chattels have a legal definition so goods may well refer to items that aren't covered by the legal definition of chattels.

15. Notes: notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example

• PS : Milky Way is a galaxy = NB : Bima Sakti adalah sebuah galaxy

Footnote:  Bima Sakti is the galaxy that contains our Solar System

·         Doodgerido is a traditional instrument used by Aborigines.

the receptor’s written: Doodgerido adalah alat musik traditional yang digunakan orang Aborigin.

Footnote: Doodgerido is a kind of traditional music, it shape’s like clarinet that the end of part is curve, and the sound like a ship siren which it will be departured (Machali, 2000: 75).

The examples of metaphor, simile , and allusion

Metaphor

Examples:

1. My brother was boiling mad. (This implies he was too angry.)
2. The assignment was a breeze. (This implies that the assignment was not difficult.)
3. It is going to be clear skies from now on. (This implies that clear skies are not a threat and life is going to be without hardships)
4. The skies of his future began to darken. (Darkness is a threat; therefore, this implies that the coming times are going to be hard for him.)
5. Her voice is music to his ears. (This implies that her voice makes him feel happy)

Simile

Examples:

• Our soldiers are as brave as lions.
• Her cheeks are red like a rose.
• He is as funny as a monkey.
• The water well was as dry as a bone.
• He is as cunning as a fox.

Allusion

Examples:

• “Don’t act like a Romeo in front of her.”

–        “Romeo” is a reference to Shakespeare’s Romeo, a passionate lover of Juliet, in “Romeo and Juliet”.

• The rise in poverty will unlock the Pandora’s box of crimes.

–        This is an allusion to one of Greek Mythology’s origin myth, “Pandora’s box”.

• “This place is like a Garden of Eden.”

–        This is a biblical allusion to the “garden of God” in the Book of Genesis.

• “Hey! Guess who the new Newton of our school is?”

–        “Newton”, means a genius student, alludes to a famous scientist Isaac Newton.

• “Stop acting like my ex-husband please.”

–        Apart from scholarly allusions we refer to common people and places in our speech.